Ethical Dilemma Declining a Patient Assignment

Question: Describe about the Ethical Dilemma for Declining a Patient Assignment. Answer: Ranging from nursing education, clinical practice, professional experience placements (PEPs) among other levels of practice, challenges have always been available. Among the most prominent problems are ethical dilemmas (Gaji? 2014, p. 36). Since the inception of professional nursing, the times of Florence Nightingale, various documents have been written about ethics. One of them being Nightingales ethical duties of confidentiality, the centrality of satisfying the patients needs and communication. Various research institutions, governmental and non-governmental organisations, universities and authorities have endeavoured to come up with the soundest remedy to this challenge, but conflicts of interest have rendered it hanging in the balance. There are moral and professional values that guide the practice of nursing but the pressures, decisions, and choices that nurses have to make sometimes pose a challenge (Gallagher 2013, pp.615-616). However, there are a lot of these guidelines tha t support the position that a nurse has a right to refuse any patient assignment as long as the reasons are sound and valid (Getting the balance right between patient protection and nurses rights 2008, p.12). Therefore, these scripts can be used by a nurse as the defence when complaints are presented to the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) or the director of nursing in the respective States or at a national level (Schoonover-Shoffner 2007, p.180). With evidence-based information, this paper supports the stand that nurses can deny a patient assignment and further explains how the nurse can respond to the director of nursing services or the NMBA in case a complaint is filed. The bottom line is that the legitimacy of the presented reasons determines the ethicality of the nurses decision to refuse a patient allocation. Therefore, the nurse is free to decide whether to accept or deny an allocation provided that the reasons are valid. In Australia, the NMBA code of ethics and standards of practice guides nurses of all cadres just like any other profession. Personally, I think that the provisions in this code allow nurses to deny a patient assignment in necessary circumstances. First off, the guidance framework of this code records that the details mentioned in each standard are insufficient decisions that a nurse can make. Thus, it gives room for unmentioned decisions like refusing a patient allocation. Again, the framework acknowledges that a formula that helps in solving issues of ethics is not provided in any of the standards (Edmonds, Cashin and Heartfield 2016, p.170). The NMBA first value standard calls for nurses to appreciate every person's quality of care. Furthermore, nurses are mandated to question and report any unethical behaviour. Therefore, even suing or forcing a nurse to care for a patient against personal will is unethical and ought to be reported. It is because forced assignment of a patient may make the nurse provide substandard care because of pressure or fear of personal safety. In fact, the patient is at a greater risk being handled by a pressured nurse than a wilful one. For instance, a nurse who has a mindset that he/she cannot handle an Ebola patient may end up messing with basics like the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and eventually contract the disease (Ghebrehiwet 2012, p.314). The first standard also says that a nurse can deny participating in patient treatment or care if he/she feels that it is against her conscious. Moreover, it is only acceptable if it holds a moral or religious stand of the nurse. In a nutshell, any nurse in Australia can refuse a patient assignment if such stands are violated. It is imperative to note that a persons religion can affect their professional life and this is still within the legal precincts. A Seventh Day Adventist nurse may refuse to attend to patients on Saturdays because it is the Sabbath (Burzo 2014, p.34). In such a case, the law cannot intervene because the freedom of worship is provided for in the bill of rights of Australia (Hunter 2006, p.38). Furthermore, the Watchtower Society and the Christian Science denominations only believe in prayers as the single tool for healing (Longest and Smith 2011, p.850). Therefore, a nurse dedicated to these denominations may not be comfortable in interventions like administratio n of parenteral drugs or surgery, thus refusing to participate in the care. Developing a personal judgement, understanding, and knowledge in any situation is an attribute that every nurse has to embrace according to not only the Australian Nursing Federation (ANF) but also the NMBA, the government department of health and other national and international organisations (Anmf.org.au, 2016). It permits the nurse to make a quality and informed decision of refusing to care for a patient deemed dangerous to self. An example is where a nurse denies caring for a Tb patient because of personally lowered immunity; it is a valid decision. Nonetheless, it is unethical just to dismiss the patient and leave the matter unsettled. The nurse has to explore other options like asking an experienced or willing colleague to handle the case. If this is done, then everybody will be satisfied with the allocation refusal decision. Also, development of the code is permissible in the framework of guidance of the NMBA directives. It means that any event that has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt that it contributes to the development of the nursing profession can be included in the code for continuous professional improvement (Ghebrehiwet 2012, p.314). The second value standard in the NMBA code maintains that nurses have to uphold a sense of personal well-being and it includes a good individual health (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au, 2016). In this regard, the nurse is permitted to decline a patient assignment if the case poses a risk to his/her health. Mostly, the patients problem may become the nurses, for instance, a psychologically unstable person affects the nurse because of empathy. Additionally, a nurse may find an Ebola case too dangerous to handle and refuse to participate. It is not illegal to refuse such cases. Moreover, the standard calls for respect to a colleague's point of view and decision, and I believe this includes the decision to decline a patient allocation. It also emphasizes the need for nurses to appreciate personal respect and kindness as well as that of others. Additionally, in the line of duty, a nurse's personal dignity, and morality has to be upheld (Ghebrehiwet 2012, p.314). By choosing the nursing path in life, one is not ascertained to have ceased being a human. Therefore, he/she is still entitled to the dominant human rights as stipulated in the Australian bill of rights (Hunter 2006, p. 37). In this case, the right to accessing good health care and living in a risk-free environment is considered. Therefore, a nurse is covered by the bill of rights if he/she declines to care for a given patient if a risk to personal health is in place. Diversity has to be embraced, appreciated and respected by nurses as states the NMBA standard value number three (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au, 2016). The diversity includes culture, beliefs, social, economic, political, religious among other attributes. Technically, the standard allows the nurses to decline any allocation if it violates any of the mentioned issues. There are ethical principles that are taught during professional nursing practice and are referred to in various journals. For instance, the principle of autonomy allows people to be self-determined. For example, the meaning of autonomy in the profession of nursing is that there is self-governance and determination of issues. This stand is based on the Online Journal of Issues in Nursing (OJIN) ethical principles (Hunter 2006, p. 37). Additionally, the principle of justice gives room for dispensing care in the fairest way. Therefore, if a nurse feels like the justice is compromised by personal issues, he/she should decline to give the care. It confirms that the nurse has this right. Also, by establishing bodies like the NMBA, the Australian government mandates the nursing profession to regulate its issues and it involves making amendments that improve practice like the safeguarding of nurses' interests (Hunter 2006, p. 37). How a nurse can respond to the NMBA or director of nursing after a complaint. It is inevitable to receive a summon as a result of allegations from various parties in regards to a nurse's decision to decline an assignment of patients. However, there are different ways one can respond to the relevant authorities like the NMBA or the director of nursing. Evidence from credible academic sources and the Australian and international codes of ethics can help exonerate the nurse. In the first place, it is imperative to present the facts of that situation like the patients condition, personal feelings, and the steps undertaken. This way, the panel will have an overview of my decision and probably, I would have triggered their humane side to empathise with me (Anmf.org.au, 2016). I would say that I offered various alternatives before making the decision of declining an allocation. This move conforms to the value standard of quality interventions for the patient. Additionally, the fifth standard mandates nurses always to make decisions that are informed because they will have to give the rationale for it. My decision to seek help from colleagues for a patient whom I deem had jeopardized my life is a noble act from a professional that requires applauding rather than filing a complaint. A case in point is where I have been allocated excess patients in the ICU, and I may be feeling exhausted, I would only deny the allocation. Furthermore, this is sparing the patients from an exhausted nurse who would underperform by only worsening their situation (Gallagher 2009, p. 828). Additionally, the ANF gives the standard ratio of a nurse to patients in Australia. In a regular medical or surgical ward, one nurse has to care for four patients, and in an emergency department, a nurse needs to have a maximum of three patients (Anmf.org.au, 2016). Therefore, if I am allocated more than the required number of patients, it is a right for me to decline that duty. There are other problems that are beyond a single nurses control like the insufficient number of nurses and hospital equipment in Australia (Anmf.org.au, 2016). Such problems lead to overworking, exhaustion and even poor motivation of the nurses. It would be only human for the panel to consider a complaint based on such claims as having no legal grounds. In South Australia, nurses declined to care for patients who had a second-trimester abortion because of a conscientious value. These are details recorded by the Australian Journal of Obstetric, Gynaecological and Neonatal Nursing (JOGNN). I would remind them that my case is not the first one in existence and the rationale is what matters and not the weight of the case as the complainant may have put it. Furthermore, insisting on the outcome of the South Australian case as a valid and legal action by the nurses would elicit some sense of reality for the panel. Comparing my scenario with this situation gives me a right to exercise declining a patient allocation because it is the same body that defended the South Australian nurses (Friedrich 2014, p. 1958). The right of registered nurses in regards declining an assignment of a patient has been reiterated in the American Nurses Association (ANA) position statement. It states that in writing, a nurse can reject, accept or object a patient allocation that he/she is put at a serious risk as well as the patient (Porter 2013, p. 33). Relating to the NMBA code, there is an allowance for involving other international professional guidelines like the International Council of Nurses (ICN) in regulating personal practice (Gallagher 2009, p. 828). Pursuant to the provision, I made the decision to decline the patient allocation because it was posing a risk to my health and probably could affect my family, friends, and even colleagues. Okeefe and Kushelew, (2016) state that some American nurses working for the World Health organisation (WHO) refused to go to West Africa when there was an Ebola outbreak in 2014 because they felt it would endanger their entire lives. Nobody sued them for rejecting their purported duty. I would ask the panel to consider such a case and religiously determine their verdict. Moreover, Okeefe and Kushelew suggest three questions that have to be deliberated before making a final decision. Consider if there was a nurse-patient relationship, if the nurse gave a notice and if the employer could be able to reassign the task. I would confirm that all these factors existed in my case. By confirming these, it means that there were alternative solutions like reassignment and the complaints were just presented anyway (Friedrich 2014, p. 1958). There are endeavours by various authorities to undermine the practice of nursing, and many people have contributed to this fact. It is imperative for the panel to note that people will manipulate any lawful activities to frustrate a nurses effort. For example, the Nebraskan for Humane Care was an amendment that was suggested in Nebraska, the United States. It was proposing that a patient's food, medication, and water would not be withdrawn even when she/he was having terminal illness. However, there was evidence supporting the normal practice of withdrawing these factors. If it would have been passed, then ICU nurses in Nebraska could be oppressed and probably be sued for unfair reasons (VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System 2008, p.184). The panel should recall that every person blames the nurse for not doing their duty and probably suggest that if they would have rejected the task, the better. In similar terms, the complainants may have taken advantage of some clauses in the NMBA guidelines as their basis of the argument, which is totally out of the equation. The sixth value standard states that nurses should value a culture of safety in practice. Here, it considers both the patient and the nurse (While 2011, p. 258). For this reason, I made the refusal decision because of feeling a threat to my health. If it is on the cultural basis, then I would still refuse to take part. Furthermore, it was not only my safety but also that of my friends, family, colleagues and even other people that I may interact with. It is only natural for me to care for other people (Nursingworld.org, 2016). Lastly, nursing institutions teach their learners on such a matter. The Royal College of Nursing in the UK provides various rationales that warrant a nurses refusal of a patient assignment (The Royal College of Nursing, 2016). They include a risk to or existence of any form of violence, an area that a nurse has not specialised in, an unlawful activity like abortion, a personally known patient and following ones conscience. Again, I would say that I was taught this at my university. The NMBA ascertains these institutions, therefore, it is absurd if they prosecute the content of the curriculum. Additionally, the lecturers are qualified enough and most probably are experienced in the nursing field (Learn.ana-nursingknowledge.org, 2016). It cannot be that they teach us the wrong professional requirements. In conclusion, it is right for a nurse to refuse an allocation of a patient because of legitimate reasons. They can defend themselves using the NMBA code of ethics and standards of practice. The value standards range from the first one up to the sixth, and they all can be explained to support the nurse's position. They include dispensing quality health care to everyone, the respect and value of diversity, making informed decisions, and valuing kindness and respect for self and others. Aside from the NMBA, other bodies like ANA, ANF, ICN, and journals have evidence that supports this position. For instance, ANF provides the ratios of the nurse to patients as one to three and one to four in a regular medical-surgical ward and an emergency department. Additionally, authorities like the State of Nebraska have endeavoured to demean nursing. Also, cases of patient allocation refusal exist, for instance, the South Australian nurses who refused to care for second-trimester abortion patients. Also, religious affiliations like the SDA and Christian Science can make a nurse decline the patient assignment, and they are valid. Reference List Anmf.org.au. (2016).Australian Nursing Midwifery Federation. [online] Available at: https://anmf.org.au/news/entry/nurse-and-midwife-patient-ratios-to-become-law [Accessed 1 Oct. 2016]. Burzo, E. (2014). Book Reviews: Stefan Hschele, Interchurch, and Interfaith Relations. Seventh-day Adventist Statements and Documents.Review of Ecumenical Studies Sibiu, 6(2). Edmonds, L., Cashin, A. and Heartfield, M. (2016). Comparison of Australian specialty nurse standards with registered nurse standards.Int Nurs Rev, 63(2), pp.162-179. Friedrich, M. (2014). Ebola Outbreak in West Africa.JAMA, 311(19), p.1958. Gaji?, V. (2014). Ethical dilemmas in nursing practice / Eti?ke dileme u sestrinskoj praksi.SZNJ, 1(1), p.36. Gallagher, A. (2009). International Council of Nurses 24th Quadrennial Conference, Durban, South Africa, 27 June -- 4 July 2009.Nursing Ethics, 16(6), pp.827-829. Gallagher, A. (2013). Values for contemporary nursing practice: Waving or drowning?.Nursing Ethics, 20(6), pp.615-616. Getting the balance right between patient protection and nurses rights. (2008).Nursing Standard, 23(6), pp.12-13. Ghebrehiwet, T. (2012). Reflections on nursing ethics.Nursing Ethics, 19(3), pp.313-315. Hunter, P. (2006). Bill of rights [digital rights management].Engineering Technology, 1(8), pp.36-40. Learn.ana-nursingknowledge.org. (2016).Nursing Knowledge Center. [online] Available at: https://learn.ana-nursingknowledge.org/ [Accessed 1 Oct. 2016]. Longest, K., and Smith, C. (2011). Conflicting or Compatible: Beliefs About Religion and Science Among Emerging Adults in the United States1.Sociological Forum, 26(4), pp.846-869. Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. (2016).Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Professional Codes Guidelines. [online] Available at: https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements.aspx [Accessed 4 Oct. 2016]. Nursingworld.org. (2016).Patient Safety: Rights of Registered Nurses When Considering a Patient Assignment. [online] Available at: https://nursingworld.org/rnrightsps [Accessed 1 Oct. 2016]. O'Keefe, E. and Kushelew, I. (2016). Asserting credibility and capability: professional practice standards in Australia.Journal of Aesthetic Nursing, 5(2), pp.89-93. Porter, R. (2013). The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics.Journal of the Dermatology Nurses Association, 5(1), pp.31-34. Schoonover-Shoffner, K. (2007). Thinking Through Ethical Dilemmas.Journal of Christian Nursing, 24(4), p.180. The Royal College of Nursing. (2016).Refusal to treat | Advice Guides | Royal College of Nursing. [online] Available at: https://www.rcn.org.uk/get-help/rcn-advice/refusal-to-treat [Accessed 1 Oct. 2016]. VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System. (2008).Bariatric Nursing and Surgical Patient Care, 3(3), pp.183-187. While A. (2011). Nurses with special interests.British Journal of Community Nursing, 16(5), pp.258-258.

Making Life Changes Essay Example For Students

Making Life Changes Essay Victor E. Franklin once said, When we are no longer able to change a situation-we are challenged to change ourselves. I knew exactly what he meant when my life changed forever and there was nothing I could do. Since the moment my parents decided to move, my life took a whole new direction. The turning point of my life, moving from Mexico to the United States, brought many changes that I could not escape. As I recall those moments when I knew that I could not change what was happening, I knew that it was time for me to adjust to the new life that I had ahead of me. The hardest thing that I ever had to do was to move away and let go of all my beloved family and those who I had known all of my life. Although I was going to be with my parents and siblings, I was devastated because I knew that I would I not be able to see them any longer. It was not easy to leave behind my early childhood friends. It was sad to know that all those memories that I once shared with them would soon fade away. It was time for me to start living the new life that was ahead; I had to move on and make new friends. Experiencing new places, new people, and a new language, I had to adjust to a whole new life. It was not easy , going to school every day without knowing what my teachers and classmates were saying. Because I did not understand the content of my homework, I struggled every day when I did my homework. Even on TV, I had trouble understanding what the cartoons were about and what they were saying. Although learning a new language was difficult, I was capable of learning new things. In no time, I had mastered the language, and I was doing well in school. Being used to the food in Mexico, I was very picky with the foo that was served here. I was not used to eating pizza and hamburgers; I wanted the homemade food that my mother always prepared for us. the money was very different. As a young girl, I would always get ripped off by people in the store or my classmates. My parents would get mad at me because I would come home with the wrong change or because I had not eaten in school because I had my money taken away by my classmates. When the time came for holidays, I was very confused because the customs very different. I never thought that even the way we celebrate Christmas would change. Although many changes came along, I adapted to the new life that was given to me. I found great truth in what Victor E. Franklin once said. Because I had no power in making my own decisions as a young girl, I could not do anything to change the future. I was challenged to change myself and everything in my life. Although change is never easy, I find myself happy that this happened.

The Moment that Changed My Life Essay Example For Students

The Moment that Changed My Life Essay Like every family, my family has always had ups and downs, happiness and sorrow. My family has always been united and a whole. Unlike other unfortunate children, my parents are together and have always shown my siblings and I appreciation. My parents have always been very traditional and have taught us manners and how to be talented and educated children. But most importantly, theyve taught us that family always comes first over anything. A day after my fourteenth birthday, my family and I were getting ready to go to Mexico for winter break. We were all excited to finally go to Mexico and be with our family members for the holidays. However, the mood in my house changed in an instant. My mom has always been home and there for us when we need her. She has always been less strict and firm than my dad, but she still demands respect. Both my mom and dad have given us full trust in return for our respect and behavior. But at that moment, my eldest sister forgot everything theyd taught us. My eldest sister was twenty-one at the time. She went to Cal State Fullerton, was in her last year of college, and was said to be a mature adult. We will write a custom essay on The Moment that Changed My Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now However, my parents found out that she was lying to them. I remember the date being December 19 when the truth was revealed. After months of lies, my parents found out that my sister was going out with a man who would bring no benefits into her life. The man she was seeing had no education above high school, was divorced, and had a daughter. The problem was that back in May my parents had already prohibited her from seeing him anymore. She apologized to my parents and promised that she would end her relationship. Seven months passed by and apparently she didnt. For my parents, sister, and I, her lie was a major offense because weve always been there for each other, no matter what. Part of the problem was the guy she was seeing, but what really felt like a betrayal was that she threw away all the trust we had as a family. That night of December 19, when my parents found out, they had mixed emotions. They were heartbroken, yet very angry. My dads first reaction was to give her the option of leaving the house or ending her relationship. Her decision was very shocking for me, but she decided to leave immediately after the argument. I didnt think that my dads decision was wrong. I actually respected his opinion because I felt like she took for granted what my parents had done for us throughout the years. After my sister left, we had a conversation as a family. We agreed and realized that it was her decision. My dad said that he was very upset and disappointed, but that he wouldnt give up on my youngest sister and I. As a family, we agreed that we had to keep on going and move on. However, she was still part of our family and had our blood. Everyone makes a mistake at some point in life and we couldnt turn our back on her even after her mistake. About three days after she departed, one of her best friends called to let us know that she was fine and now living with the same guy. After the argument or dilemma, we didnt have much enthusiasm to go to Mexico anymore, but my mom persuaded us to go. She insisted that it would be an extraordinary way to forget about the problem for a moment. The trip was awkward because everyone asked about my sister. My parents didnt want the problem to be known, so they lied and said that she was working and couldnt go. .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f , .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f .postImageUrl , .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f , .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f:hover , .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f:visited , .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f:active { border:0!important; } .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f:active , .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub7ad5553d90eede579ddaae5e4988c2f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Character Analysis: The Darker Face of the Earth EssayOur break in Mexico was an unforgettable experience and I am thankful that my dad accepted my moms recommendation. When we returned from our trip, we heard nothing from or about her. A year has passed by since the dilemma and she is barely starting to talk to my parents. My parents and my youngest sister are trying to get along with her again. I, on the other hand, am not so sure about how I feel. I sometimes want to take my dads advice and talk to her again, but sometimes I dont. Sometimes I feel rage and anger because she preferred someone, who tomorrow will probably not be there, over her own blood. I miss her, I really do, she was my sister, my role model, and my partner in crime. But she didnt care that she was everything for me or that I gave her all my trust. Sometimes I think about all this and dont know if I should care or not. I would love for everything to be back to normal, but she was the reason for the days I saw my family shed tears, for the loss of hope in my life, and most importantly for me, losing trust in everyone. This moment in my life has been probably the worse of all. My sisters decisions have affected me. Seeing my family suffer the way they did is an experience I dont want to relive. On the bright side though, I did learn an important lesson. To begin with, I learned to appreciate what our parents do for us. I also learned to always take in mind what theyve been through to be where they are for us today. This moment also helped me realize that family is more important than I used to think. We need to appreciate them and grab on to them everyday of our lives. At the end of the day, family is the only thing that will be next to you until the end.

Exploring the Advantages of Using the John Montague Sample Essay

Exploring the Advantages of Using the John Montague Sample EssayYou may have noticed that John Montague has been widely recognized for his excellent test preparation tutorial known as the John Montague Sample Essay. If you have not yet had a chance to take a look at this handy guide, then you should take your time to do so now before it is too late.The whole reason why this sample essay program has gotten so much attention is because it combines an all-inclusive sample lesson plan with a test-centered audio product, providing students with the exact guide they need to pass the JoMo exam and make it through the JoMo LEAP (Learning Enterprise Application Process) test. Although it is amazing to think about the extra benefit of having this testing program on hand as part of your preparation, there are actually two additional reasons why this method of testing is so effective.One, it allows you to get an immediate feel for how long a particular lesson will take, enabling you to prepare a ccordingly. Two, it lets you learn the various material from different perspectives, thus helping you learn more efficiently.The first thing that you will notice in taking the online tutorial is that you are not required to read any text, but rather just listen to an instructor to teach a particular concept or activity, allowing you to see it clearly from your own perspective. This is one advantage of the way that the audio product works: You can just listen to the lecture without actually reading it and at the same time gain a better understanding of what is being presented.Another thing you will notice about the test-focused audio product is that the instructor is more than happy to help you in all the ways possible. You will be asked to work out the material step by step, providing you with a faster learning experience. Furthermore, you will not just be tested on the academic material, but also on the optional reading material, including the passage that explains the concept that you are about to study. Another big advantage of this test prep tool is that it allows you to work through all of the questions during a single session. In fact, all of the ideas in the book are organized into four modules, allowing you to focus on the things that you need to study, as well as those that you need to learn more about.Of course, one of the most important things that you must remember about the John Montague Test Prep Course is that it is not an easy program to pass. Nonetheless, if you take the time to familiarize yourself with the materials and the strategies for approaching tests, you will be well on your way to passing the next exam in no time at all.As we have seen, there are several advantages of this test prep course. If you are seriously considering getting your test prep needs taken care of, then you should consider purchasing the program and allowing yourself to learn at your own pace with the very latest teaching tools.

Review of a qualitative research article Essay Example

Review of a qualitative research article Essay Example Review of a qualitative research article Essay Review of a qualitative research article Essay This essay is a reappraisal of a research article of how Local Authority Social workers make determinations when they are sing referrals of kids. The rubric of the survey is Threshold Decisions: How Social Workers Prioritize Referrals of Child Concern by Dendy Platt ( 2008 ) . I would try to critically measure this Qualitative diary article based on indispensable elements of the research which include the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Findings and Conclusion. The survey examined how societal workers make picks on single instances of kids concern referrals, if to transport out a an initial Assessment i.e. Sect 17 of the Children Act 1989 or if to set about the Child Protection Procedure under the Sect. 47 of the Children Act 1989. The major determination suggests that Social workers prioritize their referrals based on five cardinal countries, Specificity, Severity, hazard, parental duty and documentation. It was reviewing to cognize that informations were collected from So cial workers and that Parents were besides involved. Title It is deserving observing that the rubric adequately prepares the reader as it gives good penetration into what the survey is approximately. The rubric of an article is really of import as it exposes the reader to an article. The cardinal words were appropriate and sufficient as they did recover the article upon typing the cardinal words in the hunt engine. ( Harmonizing to Descombe 2008 p.88 ) , a subject needs to be a really much more narrowly defined country of its survey. Abstraction The major determination in this article suggests that societal workers evaluate referrals based on five cardinal factors, specificity, badness, hazard, parental duty and documentation . It is deserving observing the abstract did fix a reader for this survey. The abstract clearly high spots that the purpose of the survey is to happen out how societal workers reach determination when to transport out an initial appraisal ( Sect 17 of kids act 1989 ) or a nucleus appraisal, ( Sect 47 of kids Act 1989 ) when sing referrals about kid concerns. The abstract clearly stated that the survey chose a qualitative attack. Harmonizing to ( Punch 2000 p. 243 ) , qualitative attack is frequently sensitive to context and treat to populate experience and local groundedness, where the research worker tries to acquire closer to what is being studied . Using qualitative method allows the research worker to happen out a batch about the survey. He went farther to explicate that qualitative research methods are the best manner we have of acquiring the insider s position ( Ibid ) Qualitative method allows the research worker to bring forth new theoretical thoughts. This happens because they are able to detect and talk to the people ( individual ) being studied and allows them to come up with new thoughts through out the survey. Being prejudice is one of the restrictions of qualitative research method because research workers can compose their ain position or even sentiment on the affair. But as we can see that making hard country is a great advantage to qualitative research method. ) Introduction Looking at the debut, it seems clear that the job that led to the research was that the reading of the developments of the refocusing enterprise has contributed to a clime where societal workers work frequently feel pulled and pushed in different waies by political and popular sentiment. The debut touched on relevant authorities policies and enterprises such as refocusing enterprise which was initiated by the authorities in 1990 and the model for Assessment of kids in demand. In my position, the writer attempted to measure the refocusing enterprise policy which attempts to refocus societal work pattern and to originate any necessary alterations. I partially agree with this impression as the survey may convey about positive alterations in the kid protection clime. But besides the writer needs to admit where he points on that the clime of kid protection is one of uncertainness, that societal work itself is a profession full of uncertainness . The research worker explained that the deduction of the refocusing enterprise is the rise in the threshold for credence of a kid protection referral as it was thought that the cost to household of kid protection processs were non acceptable in the instances where allegations are minor. In my position, the designation of spread of cognition shows that the job has significance for societal work pattern and the research may positively inform pattern. Interestingly, the research worker acknowledges and analyses old work on the kid protection field ( what is known ) but besides points out the cognition spread as it demonstrates how application of these factors differs between instances of kid concern and instances of kid protection ( What is desired to be known ) . I would reason that these grounds sum to sufficiently justification of this survey. Literature Review Knowledge spread was identified but author did non explicate how his work would try to shut the spread. Author made an attempt to critically reexamine the work of others and points out incompatibilities. The intent of the research is to analyze ways societal workers in England made determinations at the initial referral phase. It is my believe that since the writer decided to roll up information signifier societal workers and households suggest that research is from a grounded theory attack. Harmonizing to Punch ( 2000 p.163 ) Grounded theory is best defined as a research scheme whose intent is to bring forth theory from informations, To be grounded means fundamentally the theory is generated from informations. ( ibid ) My rational for asseverating that a grounded theory attack was implemented is that the writer made sense of the informations through constructs chiefly informed by societal workers and the find of these constructs begins from the interviews with the societal workers. ( Somekh and Lewin 2006p.49 ) point out that grounded theory is best described as an incorporate theoretical preparation that gives understanding about how organisation experience and respond to events that occur . From this definition, it could be argued that grounded theory was the most effectual manner to near this survey. Research workers do convey position to the research, although these positions tend to steer the inquiry and influence reading, but they do nt drive the research. ( ibid p.51 ) . However one of the drawbacks from this attack is that research may be influenced by the research worker s personal experiences and old surveies which therefore disable the research in nearing the survey with an unfastened head. Finding In my position, the research worker survey has a strong internal cogency, the research worker made a good attempt to extinguish the alternate accounts in his findings . The consequence nevertheless can non be applied beyond the sample. It would be clearly naive to believe that the findings reflect how societal workers in the UK determination devising. Method The Researcher implemented ethical rules. The societal workers involved have to be made cognizant of what they were acquiring into before make up ones minding to join forces. I would reason that appropriate processs were implemented ; besides the participant understood what the intent of the research. The research worker efficaciously anonymised participants individualities, which protected participants privateness. The likely result the research purpose to accomplish include possible alterations in policy, examine pattern issues for societal workers transporting out initial appraisal, where in the yesteryear, it would hold been a kid maltreatment probe ( Sect 47 of the kids Act 1989 ) One of the strengths of instance survey is that multiple methods and informations beginnings can be used to research and interrogate instance survey thereby taking to a good description of a research from the position of the participant ( Someth and Lewin 2006 p.33 ) . I do look up to the fact that the research implemented the instance survey attack as this gives the reader a really rich description of the survey and besides gives a reader a good apprehension on the issue. Dependability of the determination was promoted by the informations aggregation from two local governments who have a really different processs and pattern, besides All interviews were tape- recorded. Harmonizing to ( Silverman 2006p. 285 ) , working with the sound and picture recordings eliminates at one stroke many of the jobs that research workers have with the unspecified truth of field notes and limited public entree to them However the generalisation of the research may non be possible. The failing of instance survey is that it is non possible to generalise statistically from a little figure of instances to a population as a whole ( Someth and Lewin 2006 p.34 ) Mentions Punch, K.F. ( 2000 ) Introduction to Social Research Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. London: Sage Publication. Somekh, B. and Lewin, C. ( 2006 ) Research Methods in the Social Sciences. Sage Publication: London. Silverman, D. ( 2006 ) 2nd Edition. Qualitative Research. Theory, Method and Practice. Sage Publication: London. Denscombe, M. ( 2008 ) Land Rules for Good Research, a 10 usher for societal research workers. Open University: Buckingham.

Deaf History and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deaf History and Culture - Essay Example At the age of nineteen months, Helen Keller was diagnosed as a case of â€Å"acute congestion of the stomach and the brain†. This short term attack of illness left her deaf and blind. Helen proved to be a quite an intelligent child. By the age of seven, she had invented sixty different signs to communicate with her family. Helen’s education career began when her mother took her to a specialist doctor for advice. Actually she was inspired by hearing about another child who was deaf but completed her education successfully. The doctor referred her to the local expert, Alexander Graham Bell. Bell was working for the deaf children at that time. Alexander Graham Bell told Helen’s parents about the institute where that child had got education. It was called the Perkins Institute for the Blind, located in South Boston. Helen was brought there. One of the former students of the school, named Anne Sullivan was designated as Helen’s teacher. She was blind herself an d had got education from the same institute. Anne proved to be a very hard working teacher. After a good effort of about three years, Helen learnt the names of many familiar things. The next step was to speak. Anne taught her to speak using the Tadoma method (touching the lips and throat of others as they speak). Helen continued her education starting from Perkins Institute, then Wright-Humason School for the Deaf, Horace Mann School for the Deaf, The Cambridge School for Young Ladies and finally, the Rad Cliffe College in 1900 becoming the first deaf and blind person to graduate from the college.

The History of Communication in the Acient World Research Paper

The History of Communication in the Acient World - Research Paper Example The invention of writing is assumed to have taken place as part of the commercial activities here, and the clay tablets of Mesopotamia show that trade by river and sea was a major channel of communication between centers of population. Writing was a crucial way of keeping track of goods between tradesmen and guaranteeing the prosperity of these early cities. The civilization of Ancient Egypt took the invention of writing to new levels by using the much more portable format of colored ink on carefully prepared papyrus made from the stems of plants that grew along the Nile. Longer texts could be written on this material, and it was much lighter and easier to transport than the heavy and fragile clay tablets of the Mesopotamian region. Hieroglyphic writing was used both in portable scrolls, and on huge monuments, proclaiming the greatness of this mighty civilization. The Phoenicians were also very active in the ancient world, traveling around the coastlines in their sailing craft, trans porting goods and ideas across very large distances. They must have encountered people from many different countries, speaking different languages, and this need to communicate internationally may well have inspired the symbols which the Phoenicians used and these provide the building blocks which make up modern Western alphabets. The Greek civilization was renowned for its expansionism in a military sense but also for its philosophy and its invention of democracy as a form of government. In ancient times Greek ideas were passed from place to place through a combination of conquest and alliance as different cities became part of the Greek empire. Homer’s Odyssey, for example, describes how great leaders communicated to their citizens using direct word of mouth: â€Å"Straightway he bade the clear-voiced heralds to summon to the assembly the long-haired Achaeans† (Homer, Odyssey, 2.6). Human messengers were the main means of communication over longer distances between r ulers of cities and states, and without modern technologies like telephones and mechanized transport, it took a very long time for news to travel back and forth. Hellenism, as the Greek influence is called, was the bearer of many cultural traditions, including ideas about education, the arts and philosophy. Greek citizens took their culture with them as they colonized new areas, often combining new ideas from other cultures with their Greek way of thinking. Many Greek artefacts borrowed ideas from cultures which had better designs and production technologies , such as Persia, for example, showing that trade was a bearer of culture as well as material benefits (Miller, 1997, p. 202). In the time of Greek supremacy great cosmopolitan hubs were created which served as a central pool of ideas from outlying areas. It was Persia also, which first invented a system of mail service, carrying documents and portable items along staged routes between key cities. The Greeks built libraries, pre serving knowledge, and communicating it from generation to generation, so that scientific discoveries and technological advances could be passed on. People traveled far and wide to learn from great Greek teachers like Socrates, who greatly influenced the history of ideas. The Roman civilization brought many artefacts, ideas and traditions from their Mediterranean to the northernmost parts of Europe, and to North Africa and Asia also. The main channel of communication was the military roads that the armies built as